Electric-lighting apparatus.



Patefited Dec. 13, 1910.

mm mmll WWWHEXH ,rw L km m WWW XH J. F. McELROY. ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPARATUS. APPLICATION FILED MAY 3, 1905.

.I A W fi c H 1 H HIE-Leases Z. 9% JAw UMTED STATES JAMES F. MCELROY, OF ALBANY, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASEJGNMENES, T6

THE UNITED STATES LIGHT & HEATING COMPANY, OF HEX/V YORK, 51, A 061R- PORATION or MAINE,

To all whomalt may concern: 7

Be it known that I, JAMES F. lVioEnnor, a citizen of the United States, residing at Albany, in the county of Albany and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements, in Electric-Lighting Apparatus, of which the following specification and'accompanying drawing. illustrate the invention in awform which]: now regard as the best out ofthe various forms in which it may be embodied.

This invention relates to electric lighting apparatus and especially to car-lighting systemsv i cluding a generator driven by the motion of the car or train. Such a system preferably includes in addition to a generator driven from the car-axle, and the lamps in the car, a storage-battery for supplying the lamps when the dynamo is at rest, or rotating below its charging speed, an automatic switch for connecting and disconnectingthe generator, and one or more automatic-. regulating devices for maintainingtheblitput of the generator in a desiredrelation to the demand of the lamps and battery throughout a wide range in speed of said generator and for reg u lating the voltage applied to the lamps.

In various prior patents and applications I have described such a system, depending for its regulation upon the voltage of the genorator and lamp mains and have shown the .regulating devices as controlling both the generator voltage and the lamp voltage, sometimes by means of a single piece of regulating apparatus having resistances for bothjthe generator field and for the lamps, primarily controlled by a single shunt regulating magnet, and sometimes by means of two separate regulators having the respective resistances and controlled by separate shunt magnets.

, My present invention applies to eithorthe single-regulator system or to the two-regulator system, and may be adapted to various kinds of car-lighting apparatus, although for the sakeof giving an understanding of its operationI haveshown it in connection with a system similar to that set forth in my aforesaid patents and applications. I

The present improvements relate to the regulation of the generator. These improvements may be briefly described as a means -ior ra'rying the point inspccd at which the ELECTRIC-LIGHTING APPARATUS,

Specification of Letters Patent. Patent d De 13 j gj Q Application filed May3,

1905. Serial No. 258,659.

generator cuts in or out of operation. For connecting the dynamo to the battery and lamp circuits when it has reached a predetermined speed.and disconnecting it when it falls below that speed, I have, as in my prior practice, madeuse of an automatic switch controlled by the generator potential and adapted to close when the voltage of the dynamo has reached a predetermined point. But heretofore this switch has always clo'sed at the same train-speed, say

upon the strength of pull exerted by the ,controlling regulator-magnetupon its .aranature at the diiferentvoltages impressed upon said magnet by the generator, and conversely it has always opened when this or any predetermined speed has been reached in slowing down. If the regulator were out in overcharging the battery in a long daylight run, p with frequent stopsmight have its battery undercharged. To remedy such a condition when necessary and also to adapt the carlighting system more fully to the requirements of diiferentservices', such as the local, express, and fast-express services, the present invention provides for connecting and disconnecting the generator with the lamps and-battery atna plurality of speeds instead of only a single speed, the apparatus being adjustable, to determine in advance the speed at which the generator shall cut in. This enables the generator to cut in at a lower speed on local or relatively-slow service and at a higher speed on fast service. and adapts the same car for performing all'serrices in the most economical manner.

It is evident that if the generator cuts in at a speed of miles an hour instead of 20 miles, the car lamps will tend to run for a longer time on'the battery and for a shorter time on the generator in any given run.

" The additional apparatus necessary to effect the potential magnet controlling the cut-in of adjustment this might sometimes result the automiles an hour, which closing-point depended switch is set to operate at a fixed voltage, it follows that by manually changing the re sistance of the shunt-field'I am enabled to increase or decrease the voltage resulting from a given speed and hence either postpone or advance the time of closing the cut-in switch.

lVhen the dynamo finally cuts in at the standard voltage, it charges the battery at the usual rate irrespective of the adjustment of the hand-rheostat. In other words the rate of battery charging is controlled by the automatic generator regulater, and the hand resistance takes efi'ect before the automatic regulator comes mto ator by a circuit 5 which traverses the revolving arm and more or less of the resistances 7 of the generator field regulator 8, this shunt field being always in circuit. The regulator is operated by a small electric motor 9 through a double shunt circuit 10, 11, l2, l3, l-l, 15, 16, which traverses a current director 17 Whose movable lever 18 is connected with the armature 19 of a controlling solenoid-magnet- 20. The principal 'winding 21 of this magnet is a shunt permanently in circuit by wires 22 16 across the generator mains, so that this magnet measures the generator potential, and when that'potential has risen to a predetermined point, the magnet draws in its armature, and through the upper contact of the currentdirector 1? establishes the circuit 10, 13, ll, 15, 16 through the motor 9 which moves the rheostat brush (3 in a direction to place resistance in the field circuit of the generator. If the generator voltage drops. the magnet- JU releases its armature and the current-director 17 through its lower contact establishes the motoncircuit 10,11, 12. 15, it; which rotates the motor armature in an opposite direction and cuts out resistance from ihe generator field-circuit. Thus the voltage of the generator is regulated to stand at a constant potential. which constant potential however may be an adjusted constant p0 tentiah It is desirable for instance to have the generator connect with the lamps'at a potential substantially the same as that which the storage battery imparts to the lamps. which may be assumed to be (i0,volts, and then rise in potential to charge the battery. The storage.-l'iatter v 126 is constantly in circuit with the lamps 23 as will be seen, through the wire 2, the lanlp-regulator Zl, and the rctnrnovirc 25; The generator however is, c Med and disconnected with the lamps and storage-battery by the action of an automatic switch 26which as shown controls the connection of the negative generator-main 3 with a wire 27 leading trom the lampreturn wire 25 and the bat-tery'weturn wire 28. When this switch is closed, the lamps and battery are connected in multiple with the generator.

The lever 29 of switch 26 is actuated by a pin 30 revolving with the rheostat brush 6,

and the first, action of the regulator 8 when the potential magnet 20 drawn in its armature and started the motor 9 in a 're sistance-inserting direction, is to close the switch 26 and connect up the generator with the lamps and battery. This takes placevolts. and therefore when the regulator hasstarted and connected the generator through the automatic switch 26, it proceeds to raise the standard of potential controlling the magnet 20, by a cam 31 acting on a lever 32 which varies the tension of the armature spring '33, thereby increasing the tension of this spring to a point where it requires 70 volts to bring the current-director 17 to neutral position. Then the generator must deliver a higher volt-age before operating the solenoid, so that then the battery is charged at the same time the generator is operating the lamps. The potential impressed upon the lamp-circuit has meanwhile remained constant at volts by the action of the lamp-regulator 24. After raising the standard of generator potential to volts, the

"cam 31 no longer increases the tension of armaturespring 33 and thereafter said potential is maintained constant at 70 volts by the insertion or removal of resistance in the field circuit by the regulator thunder controlof magnet 20, subject however to a control exercised by the storage battery.

For the purpose of such control, the magnet 20 is provided with a coarse winding 3t in series withthc storage-lnrttery 26. \Vhen the battery is nearly exhausted and would tend-to pass a heavy charging-current, which it too large might contribute to its injury, the series coil 34 strongly assists the shunt coil 21 of the magnet 20 and reduces the potential which it is necessary to impress upon said shunt coil in order to cause it todraw in its armature and cause resistance to be inscrted in the generator field-circuit. T herefore the generator at first gives out a lower charging-potential than it later'doeswhen the colinter-electromotive force of the battery has sb increased as to diminish or elface 1], 13, one assisting and the otheropposing the action of the main shunt-coil 21, whereby when the current-director 17 has made either its upper or its lower contact, there will be an immediate tendency-to break that contact, thus causing themotor 9 to inch along toward a position restoring equilibrium of the current director 17.

The features thus far described are not herein claimed, being made the subjects of separate patents and applications as before mentioned, buthave been explained to afford a clearer understandlng of-the novel feature of generator control now to be described.

In the field-circuit 5 of-the generator I I have interposed a hand rheostat 37 composed perniissibly of a series of contactsand intervening resistances together with a manually adjustable contact-arm or brush 38, by means of which a greater or less resistance may be imposed in series with the field-coil 4, independentlyof that inserted by the automatic regulator 8. The different points of this rheostat I' prefer to mark with symbols designating the corresponding'service or train speed, the no-resistance end for instance ing marked Local, themiddle' point llx- )ress -and the full-resistance end Fast ex-.

press. Remembering that the magnet causes theswitch26 to close and cut in the dynamo ata fixed voltage, assumed at (30 volts, itwill be seen that the generator-speed at which this voltage is attained depends upon the'resistance in the field. If therefore I vary this resistance by hand independently of the automatic re ul'atonS, I am enabled to-change the voltage corresponding to a given' speed of the generator, and can hence changethe trainspeed at which the generator cuts in. This hand-resistance takes effect before the regulator 8. has startedand before it has inserted any resistance of its own in the dynamo. field, and the hand resistance therefore controls the initial action of the regulator, the action of the switch operated thereby, and the action of the generator. If the point marked i Local corresponds to a speed of twenty miles an hour and thearm 38 is adjusted to that point, the dynamo will cut ii wlien the train hasreached a speed of twenty miles an hour. The Express ad ustmcnt may cor-- respond to a speed of say thirty miles an hour and the Fast express to a'speed of th rty=five miles an hour. When the gencrator cuts in at twenty nules an hour the lalnps will run for a relati\ ely sho'rter time on the battery and a relatively longer time on the dynamo, or in other Words a greater generator sh unt proportion of the time of train-travel will be devoted to the sinniltaneous charging of the battery and operation ofthe lamps, as is proper on a local service with frequent stops requiring frequent charging of the battery, while on a fast run with few stops the battery will not be needed so much and the. dynamo need not cut in to charge it at such a low speed; This arrangement.therefore enables the system. to be operated under the most economical conditions for all services and alsoenables it to be adjusted to prevent overcharging or undercharging of the battery underparticular conditions.

Sometimes the automatic switch 26 is operated direct-1y by magnetic force, and it is to be understood thatfg 'ny invention extends to an automatic switchso operated as well as to the type of switch described. My invention may also be carried out with different specific instrumentalities for varying the speed at which the'generator cuts in. In order to show a complete system I have also represented'a preferred form of lamp cir cuit, including both automatic and manual voltage-regulating devices, in connection with which the aforesaid generator-controh ling means may be used, although not restricted to such conjoint use.

Referring now to the lamp-circuit, it will be seen that the potential applied to the lamps is controlled .by a regulator 24 -e ssentially similar to the regulator 8 in its resistance-varying features. This regulator is controlled by a potential magnet 39 measuring the voltage across the lamp mains be-Q tween the resistance and the lamps, which in turn controls a current-director 40 for operating a motor 41 in one direction or the other so as to increase; or decrease the re sistance 42 in series with the lamps by move ment of the rheostat arm or brush 4-3. From the rheostat the lainp-wire fl branches into two portions in 16 each feeding a separate group of lamps 123, which may be for example the aisle lights and ,the berth lights of a sleeping car. Any nuinber of circuit. branches and groups of lamps may be employed. I

In each of the branches 4:5 and 46 I have shown a hand-adjustcd 'rheost-at4-7 48, similar to the rheostat 37 already described but each preferaliily having a dead or isolated contact 49 onto which the arm may be moved after placing in'circuit the full resistance,

so that the lamps are first dimmed and then extinguished, the device thereby-being constituted as a combined rheostat. and switch. These hand rheostats act to a certain extent in a manner similarto the rheostat7 in that they are employed to vary the condition of the circuit on which an automatic voltage regulator acts. They have also however the functionof yarying the illuminating power of the lamps under th' influence "of the volta e impressed upon the lamp circuit by the generator or by. the storage-battery. This voltage remains the same under control of the regulator 24,'iirespective of the adjus ment of the hand rheostats, but the proportion of the total lamp-current consumed in the lamps and used up in the resistancesrespectively is varied by changing the amount of this resistance in circuit. Furthermore, the resistances in the two branch circuits may be varied independcntly, so that the lamps in one branch circuit may be dimmed while those in the other are left bright, or both may be dimmed in different degrees. Whatever may be the voltage thus applied to the lamps in either circuit, the automatic regulator serves to maintain this voltage constant for any one adjustment of the hand rheostat and regulates both circuits automatically at the same time. It is apparent that the total resistance 01 each branch lamp circuit is divided into two arts, one of which is manually adjllsted and the other automatically adjusted. It any adjustment given to the hand rheostatstends to vary the difierence of potential between the lamp mains, the arm of the automatic regulator takes a new position which maintains constant the potential applied to the lamp circuits.

by Letters Patent is:

1. In a car lighting system the combina- 2. In a carlighting system the combination with a car circuit and a generator driven at a varlable speed by the motion of the car, of an automatic electrical switch controlled by the generator potential for connecting said generator with the car circuit at a predetermined speed,and manually ad ustable electrical means for causing the potential at which the said switch operates to be reached at different generator speeds.

3. In a. car lighting system the combination of a car circuit, a variable speed generator for supplying the said circuit, a switch controlled by the potential of the generator output forconnecting said generator in circuit at a predetermined speed, and a manually adjusting rheostat for causing the potential at which said switch operates to be reached at difierent. generator speeds.

4;. In a car lighting. system the combination of a car circuit, a variable speed generator for supplying the same, an automatic switch for connecting the generator 111 cucuit, anelectric motor for operating said tion of a car circuit, a. variable speed genera tor for supplying the'same and having. a shunt field, an automatic regulator. controlled by the voltage of the generator for varying resistance in the field circuit, means controlled by the potential of the generator for automatically connecting the generator in circuit, and a manually adjustable rheostat in the generator field circuit.-

6. In a car lighting system the combination of a car circuit, a variable speed generator driven by the motion ofthe car for supplying said circuit, an automatic potential regulator controlling the voltage of the generator and controlled by said voltage, an automatic switch controlled by the generator voltage for connecting the generator in circuit, and a hand rheostat controlling the gen erator voltage independently of said regu- IVhat I claim as new and desire to secure later.

7. In a car lighting system the combination of a generator driven by the motion of the car, lamps and a storage battery supplied by said generator, an automatic regu ator controlled by the generator voltage for regu:

lating said voltage, an automatic switch actuated by the motion ofsaid regulator for connecting and disconnecting the generator with the lamps and storage battery, and a manually adjustable resistance for causing a given generator potential to be reached at diflerent speeds.

8. In a car lighting system the combination of a generator driven by the motion of the car having a shunt field, lamps and a storage battery supplied bysaid generator, a

resistance in the generator field circuit composed of two parts. one of which is controlled automatically and the other manually, means controlled by the potential of the generator output for varying the automatic part, and an automatic switch controlled by the generator potential for connecting and disconnecting the generator with the lamps and battery.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand in the presence of two subscribing witnesses, the 26th day of April 1905.

, 7 JAMES F. MCELROY1 Witnesses Y i \VILLIAM A. Mouun L, J12,

Ennnsr D. J ANSEN; 

